Natural treatment for hookworms in humans

Although hookworm infection has mostly been eliminated through economic development (rather than mass treatment) in western European countries, the United States, South Korea and Japan, the disease burden remains unacceptably high in many low-income and middle-income countries, despite implementation of mass drug administration (MDA) programmes 5. This understanding resulted in the formation of the Rockefeller-funded Human Hookworm Eradication Campaign 3, which is the first example of modern-day public health philanthropy (the original 1920 silent film can be viewed online 4). Indeed, hookworm infection, of which Necator americanus infection is the predominant human disease, has had a major influence on human history in the early 1900s, hookworm infection was recognized as a major cause of anaemia and lost productivity in the southern United States. Alternative and newer estimates indicate that hookworm infection results in 4.1 million DALYs lost, as well as possibly over US$100 billion in global economic losses 2.

Hookworm infection affects almost 500 million people in the tropical regions of the world, accounting for 3.2 million disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost annually and ranking among the most important of the neglected tropical diseases in terms of causes of morbidity 1. Hookworms are soil-transmitted nematode parasites that can reside for many years in the small intestine of their human hosts, where they suck blood and can cause iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) in individuals who harbour moderate and high numbers of adult worms, which is known as hookworm disease. This area of endeavour might well yield new biotherapeutics for autoimmune and allergic diseases. However, hookworms could also be a resource as hookworms have the capability to regulate the host's inflammation, researchers are experimentally infecting patients to treat some inflammatory diseases as an approach to discover new anti-inflammatory molecules. In addition, efforts are underway to develop a human hookworm vaccine through publicвЂ“private partnerships. Thus, other control strategies aimed at improving water quality, sanitation and hygiene are needed. Although anthelmintic drugs are available and widely used, their efficacy varies and the drugs do not prevent reinfection. Accordingly, the host switches to an immune-tolerant state that enables hookworms to reside in the gut for many years. Humans mount an immune response to hookworms, but it is mostly unsuccessful at removing adult worms from the bowel. Almost 500 million people in developing tropical countries are infected, and simulation models estimate that hookworm infection is responsible for >4 million disability-adjusted life years lost annually. Adult worms feed on the blood of a host and can cause iron deficiency anaemia, especially in high-risk populations (children and women of childbearing age). Drugs should be given only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.Hookworms are soil-transmitted nematode parasites that can reside for many years in the small intestine of their human hosts Necator americanus is the predominant infecting species. Pregnancy Category C: Either studies in animals have revealed adverse effects on the fetus (teratogenic or embryocidal, or other) and there are no controlled studies in women or studies in women and animals are not available. However, the risk of treatment in pregnant women who are known to have an infection needs to be balanced with the risk of disease progression in the absence of treatment. In mass prevention campaigns for which the World Health Organization (WHO) has determined that the benefit of treatment outweighs the risk, WHO allows use of albendazole in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy. Data on the use of albendazole in pregnant women are limited, though the available evidence suggests no difference in congenital abnormalities in the children of women who were accidentally treated with albendazole during mass prevention campaigns compared with those who were not.

Natural treatment for hookworms in humans